Earthquake Science
The Difference Between Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity
A guide to moment magnitude, energy, and local intensity without conflating them.
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Earthquake Science
Seismic Waves: P, S, and Surface Waves
Propagation, measurement, and damage potential of earthquake waves.
Earthquake Science
Hypocenter, Epicenter, and Focal Depth
Determining an earthquake's three-dimensional location and the effect of depth.
Earthquake Science
Foreshocks, Mainshocks, and Aftershock Sequences
Statistical behavior of earthquake sequences and the limits of the foreshock concept.
Earthquake Science
Seismic Hazard, Risk, Exposure, and Vulnerability
Separating four foundational concepts in academic and applied earthquake-risk studies.
Earthquake Science
How Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Works
The PSHA framework combining source, recurrence, motion, and exceedance.
Earthquake Science
Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Scenario Earthquakes
Selection, uses, and limitations of critical earthquake scenarios.
Earthquake Science
Local Site Effects, Amplification, and Vs30
How soil layers modify waves and the limitations of Vs30.
Earthquake Science
Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction: Mechanism and Assessment
Pore-pressure buildup and engineering assessment in loose saturated soils.
Earthquake Science
Earthquake-Triggered Landslides and Slope Stability
Effects of shaking on slope resistance, permanent displacement, and cascading hazards.
Earthquake Science
Surface Fault Rupture and Fault Setback Zones
Permanent displacement hazard and sound land-use practice near active faults.
Earthquake Science
Strong Ground Motion: PGA, PGV, and Spectral Acceleration
Core engineering parameters in earthquake records and their proper uses.